《八解脫 The Eight Liberations》
佛陀在《大般涅槃經 （DN16）》中提到有八種解脫。
第一種解脫，就是透過某身體部份來修習色遍禪。例如拿頭髮來作為所緣，然後把心集中到它的影像上，生起禪那。 當我們有禪那後，再正常地觀看其他東西，這就是佛陀所謂的‘有色者見到諸色’
第二種解脫，就是不用身體部份來修色遍禪，而是直接取外在的目標來修。例如我們把心集中在紫色花的影像上，然後生起禪那。這就是佛陀所說的‘內無色者見到外色’
第三種解脫，佛陀說是‘把心投入到清淨中’。有兩種解讀方法；第一種就是用純淨的顏色來修色遍禪；第二種就是慈悲喜捨的禪定，在這些禪定中，不會對任何眾生生起厭惡，所以是‘清淨的’
第四種解脫，就是心專注到無邊無際的空間當中，這又稱為‘空無邊處定’
第五種解脫，就是把這個覺知之心擴散到全宇宙，不斷專注下去；這又稱為‘識無邊處定’
第六種解脫，就是放下心的目標和心，持續專注於‘什麼都沒有’的概念上；這又稱為‘無所有處定’
第七種解脫，就是專注於無所有處禪心為‘寂靜、寂靜’，直到記憶和界定的功能越來越弱、越來越迷糊；這個被稱為‘非想非非想處定’
第八種解脫，就是連心也滅掉了，也被稱為‘想受滅盡定’
佛陀當時教導阿難尊者，有這八種解脫
In the *Mahāparinibbāna Sutta (DN 16)*, the Buddha mentions eight kinds of liberation.
The first liberation is achieved by meditating on a *kasina* (meditative object) based on a part of the body. For example, taking hair as the object, concentrating the mind on its mental image, and attaining *jhāna* (meditative absorption). Once we have attained *jhāna*, and then look at other things normally, this is what the Buddha called “one who has material form sees material forms.”
The second liberation is meditating on a *kasina* without using a body part, but directly taking an external object as the basis. For example, we concentrate the mind on the mental image of a purple flower and attain *jhāna*. This is what the Buddha called “one who is internally free from material form sees external material forms.”
The third liberation is described by the Buddha as “devoting the mind to the beautiful.” There are two interpretations: first, practicing a *kasina* meditation using a pure color; second, the meditative states of loving-kindness, compassion, empathetic joy, and equanimity. In these states, no aversion arises toward any being, hence they are “beautiful.”
The fourth liberation is concentrating the mind on boundless space, also known as the “base of infinite space.”
The fifth liberation is expanding this knowing mind throughout the entire universe and continuously focusing on it; this is also called the “base of infinite consciousness.”
The sixth liberation is letting go of the mind’s object and the mind itself, continuously focusing on the concept of “there is nothing”; this is also called the “base of nothingness.”
The seventh liberation is focusing on the mind in the base of nothingness as “peaceful, peaceful,” until the functions of memory and perception become increasingly faint and indistinct; this is known as the “base of neither perception nor non-perception.”
The eighth liberation is the cessation of even the mind itself, also known as the “cessation of perception and feeling.”
The Buddha taught these eight liberations to Venerable Ānanda at that time.